What makes the guests choose Airbnb again? The role of guests' experiences in Airbnb home-sharing service quality dimensions toward guests' loyalty in Malaysia

Main Article Content

Jefferson Empaling ak Jonathan Jana
Zurinawati Mohi

Abstract

With their unique features and characteristics, the rise of home-sharing e-booking applications, such as Airbnb, in Malaysia appears to have a significant impact on the hotel industry. However, several issues relating to security, service delivery, legality, and regulations have appeared. The quality of the service offered remains an essential competitive factor for any type of lodging, including Airbnb home-sharing properties. Thus, this study aims to investigate the influence of Airbnb home-sharing service quality dimensions on guests' experiences and loyalty, and to identify whether these services have the potential to sustain and compete in the hotel industry. With the aid of previous literature, three primary dimensions, i.e., physical environment quality, assurance quality, and interaction quality, along with their sub-dimensions, were identified as key factors for Airbnb home-sharing service quality in Malaysia. A total of 318 complete questionnaires were successfully collected. The sub-dimensions are verified by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Regression analysis was conducted following EFA. The results indicate that the Airbnb home-sharing service quality dimension, which includes physical environment quality, assurance quality, and interaction quality, can enhance guests' experience and loyalty. Hence, the findings are expected to enhance service quality and contribute to the body of knowledge that can be replicated in various service industries.

Article Details

How to Cite
Jana, J. E. ak J., & Mohi, Z. (2026). What makes the guests choose Airbnb again? The role of guests’ experiences in Airbnb home-sharing service quality dimensions toward guests’ loyalty in Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Culinary, and Entrepreneurship (JTCE), 6(1), 56–79. https://doi.org/10.37715/jtce.v6i1.6311
Section
Articles

References

Açar, M. (2019). A perceived service quality model in the sharing economy: The case of Airbnb [Doctoral Thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey]. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/323353

Achu, C. Y. (2017). Hoteliers: Airbnb is no threat, serves different market segment. News Straits Times. Retrieved 20th November from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/208275/hoteliers-airbnb-no-threat-serves-different-market-segment

Adams, B. (2013, 12th November). The guiding principles of guest experiences, Part 1: Definition. Retrieved 20th November 2022 from https://27gen.com/2013/11/12/the-guiding-principles-of-guest-experiences-part-1/

Airbnb. (2017). About Us. Retrieved 20th November from https://www.airbnb.com/about/about-us

Akbaba, A. (2006). Measuring service quality in the hotel industry: A study in a business hotel in Turkey. International journal of hospitality management, 25(2), 170-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.08.006

Ali, A. S. M., Nurin, S. S., & Mohi, Z. (2023). Room guest satisfaction towards guestroom physical environment quality in the theme hotel. Journal of Tourism, Culinary & Entrepreneurship (JTCE), 3(2).

An, S., Suh, J., & Eck, T. (2019). Examining structural relationships among service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and revisit intention for Airbnb guests. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 19(3), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2019.1663980

Avital, M., Carroll, J. M., Hjalmarsson, A., Levina, N., Malhotra, A., & Sundararajan, A. (2015). The sharing economy: Friend or foe? 36th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2015), Fort Worth Convention Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States. https://research-api.cbs.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/45295263/michel_avital_the_sharing_economy_publishersversion.pdf

Bădulescu, A., Herte, E., & Borma, A. (2023). Managing the sharing economy in times of crisis. The case of Airbnb. Proceedings of the 17th International Management Conference “Management beyond Crisis: Rethinking Business Performance” 2nd-3rd November 2023, Bucharest, Romania.

Barker, G. (2020, Feb 21). The Airbnb effect on housing and rent. Retrieved July 17, 2024 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/garybarker/2020/02/21/the-airbnb-effect-on-housing-and-rent/

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173

Beom, J. C., & Hyun, S. K. (2013). The impact of outcome quality, interaction quality, and peer-to-peer quality on customer satisfaction with a hospital service. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 23(3), 188-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604521311312228

Berry, L. L., Wall, E. A., & Carbone, L. P. (2006). Service clues and customer assessment of the service experience: Lessons from marketing. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.20591004

Beyond Philosophy. (n.d). What is customer loyalty. Retrieved 8th November from https://beyondphilosophy.com/customer-experience/customer-loyalty/

Bitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251871

Bougie, R., & Sekaran, U. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Brady, M. K., & Cronin, J. J. J. (2001). Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Marketing, 65(3), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.3.34.18334

Caruana, A. (2002). Service loyalty: The effects of service quality and the mediating role of customer satisfaction. European journal of marketing, 36(7/8), 811-828. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560210430818

Chu, R. K., & Choi, T. (2000). An importance-performance analysis of hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry: a comparison of business and leisure travellers. Tourism management, 21(4), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00070-9

Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., & Ren, M. (2011). Synthesizing the effects of service quality, value, and customer satisfaction on behavioral intentions in the motel industry: An empirical analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 35(4), 530-568. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348010382239

Clemes, M. D., Mohi, Z., Li, X., & Hu, B. (2018). Synthesizing moderate upscale restaurant patrons’ dining experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(3), 627-651. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-06-2017-0115

Clemes, M. D., Wu, J. H.-C., Bai-Ding, H., & Gan, C. (2009). An empirical study of behavioral intentions in the Taiwan hotel industry. Innovative Marketing, 5(3).

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555

Cronin, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56(3), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299205600304

Dolnicar, S. (2019). A review of research into paid online peer-to-peer accommodation: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on peer-to-peer accommodation. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 248-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.02.003

Dolnicar, S., & Otter, T. (2003). Which hotel attributes matter? A review of previous and a framework for future research. The 9th Annual Conference of the Asia Pacific Tourism Association (APTA), University of Technology Sydney, 2003, 1, 176-188.

Enz, C. A., & Taylor, M. S. (2002). The safety and security of US hotels a post-September-11 report. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(5), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010880402435011

Folger, J. (2016). The pros and cons of using Airbnb. Retrieved 20 January from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/032814/pros-and-cons-using-airbnb.asp

Ganesan, V. (2017). Airbnb is flourishing in Malaysia. The Edge Market. Retrieved 15 November from http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/airbnb-flourishing-malaysia

Golf-Papez, M., & Culiberg, B. (2023). A typology of user misbehaviours in the sharing economy context. European journal of marketing, 57(13), 111-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2021-0583

Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: Disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827159

Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

Hair, J. F. J., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2020). Essentials of business research methods (4th ed.). Routledge.

Högnäs, S. (2015). The importance of the first impression in hotel customer service [Degree Dissertation, Vaasa University of Applied Sciences]. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/96496/

Hospitalitynet. (n.d). Hotel's adequate facilities. Retrieved 4th October from https://www.hospitalitynet.org

Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2011). The role of brand experience and affective commitment in determining brand loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 570-582. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/bm.2010.58

Ikkala, T., & Lampinen, A. (2015). Monetizing network hospitality: Hospitality and sociability in the context of Airbnb. The 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, February 2015.

Inn, T. K. (2019, July 2). Airbnb generates RM3bil in direct economic impact in Malaysia last year. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2019/07/02/airbnb-generates-rm3bil-in-direct-economic-impact-in-malaysia-last-year

Interian, J. (2016). Up in the air: Harmonizing the sharing economy through Airbnb regulations. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 39(1), 129-161. https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1757&context=iclr

Jones, E. T. (2005). Importance of communication quality in services [Master Thesis, Florida State University]. https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:181731/datastream/PDF/view

Ju, Y., Back, K.-J., Choi, Y., & Lee, J.-S. (2019). Exploring Airbnb service quality attributes and their asymmetric effects on customer satisfaction. International journal of hospitality management, 77, 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.07.014

Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Educational and psychological measurement. Little Jiffy, Mark IV, 34(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.11772F001316447403400115

Kannan, H. K. (2017). Malaysia on the right path to productivity-driven economy. Retrieved 5th October from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.nst.com.my/node/278880/amp

Kay, L. K. (2017). Airbnb listings in Malaysia increasing rapidly. Edge Prop. Retrieved 6th October from https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1191409/airbnb-listings-malaysia-increasing-rapidly

Kim, W. G., & Moon, Y. J. (2009). Customers’ cognitive, emotional, and actionable response to the servicescape: A test of the moderating effect of the restaurant type. International journal of hospitality management, 28(1), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.06.010

Knutson, B. J. (1988). Frequent travelers: Making them happy and bringing them back. Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 29(1), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088048802900121

Lalicic, L., & Weismayer, C. (2017). The role of authenticity in Airbnb experiences. In R. Schegg & B. Stangl (Eds.), Information & Communication Technologies in Tourism (pp. 781-794). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51168-9_56

Law, R., & Hsu, C. H. (2006). Importance of hotel website dimensions and attributes: Perceptions of online browsers and online purchasers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(3), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348006287161

Lee, K.-J. (2014). Attitudinal dimensions of professionalism and service quality efficacy of frontline employees in hotels. International journal of hospitality management, 41(August), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.05.015

Lin, P. M. C. (2020). Is Airbnb a good choice for family travel? Journal of China Tourism Research, 16(1), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2018.1551167

Lockyer, T. (2003). Hotel cleanliness—how do guests view it? Let us get specific. A New Zealand study. International journal of hospitality management, 22(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(03)00024-0

Meijerink, J., & Schoenmakers, E. (2021). Why are online reviews in the sharing economy skewed toward positive ratings? Linking customer perceptions of service quality to leaving a review of an Airbnb stay. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2019-0039

Mody, M. A., Suess, C., & Lehto, X. (2017). The accommodation experiencescape: A comparative assessment of hotels and Airbnb. Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2377-2404. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0501

Mohd Som, Z. (2020, January 25). Hotels losing out to home-sharing. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559569/hotels-losing-out-home-sharing

Mohi, Z. (2012). An analysis of restaurant patrons' experiences in Malaysia: A comprehensive hierarchical modelling approach [Doctoral Thesis, Lincoln University, New Zealand]. https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10182/4996/Mohi_phd.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Munusamy, J., Chelliah, S., & Mun, H. W. (2010). Service quality delivery and its impact on customer satisfaction in the banking sector in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Management & Technology, 1(4), 398-404. http://www.ijimt.org/papers/71-M461.pdf

Norazha, N. S., Mohd Faisol, N. F., Mat Baki, R. N., & Mohi, Z. (2022). Influence of quick-service restaurant’s service quality towards customer online review. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 14(2), 97-129. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/68343/1/68343.pdf

Oktavio, A., & Kaihatu, T. S. (2020). Implication of future time perspective and hope on the continuance commitment of hotel employees. Jurnal Economia, 16(2), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.21831/economia.v16i2.29711

Oktavio, A., Wijaya Kartika, E., Jiwa, Z., Tarigan, H., & Kaihatu, T. S. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and the adversity of hotel industry: Relationship between service guarantees on service quality perception and consumer perceived risk. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Govern-ment, 27(2), 2021.

Oktavio, A., Kaihatu, T. S., Kumari, D., Nugroho, A., & Adityaji, R. (2023). I slept well and I will be back: An empirical study on hotel guests in Indonesia. Journal of System and Management Sciences, 14(11), 1371–1383.

Oktavio, A., Suharti, L., Sasongko, G., & Sugiarto, A. (2024). Fostering employee resilience to counter counterproductive work behaviors: The roles of challenge appraisal and human resource support. The Seybold Report, 18(3), 414-430.

Okumus, F. (2005). Safety. In International Encyclopedia of Hospitality Management. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford.

Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429990634s105

Omar, K. H., & Mohi, Z. (2015). Students’ satisfaction towards the counter service quality at university accommodation in UiTM, Shah Alam, Malaysia. Proceedings of the Hospitality & Tourism Conference 2015 (HTC2015), Melaka, Malaysia, 2-3 November 2015, pg. 9-13.

Ostrowski, P. L., O'Brien, T. V., & Gordon, G. L. (1993). Service quality and customer loyalty in the commercial airline industry. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728759303200203

Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 15) (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill/Open University Press.

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 16(1), 12-37.

Poon, W. C., & Low, L. T. K. (2005). Are travellers satisfied with Malaysian hotels? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(3), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510591909

Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., Vedanthachari, L. N., & Santiwatana, P. (2017). Service quality, satisfaction, and customer loyalty in Airbnb accommodation in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 693-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2141

Pujiati, R., Nainggolan, R., & Sarwoko, E. (2025). The influence of employee productivity and service quality of front office department on job satisfaction mediated by work motivation in the hospitality sector. Journal of Tourism, Culinary, & Entrepreneurship (JTCE), 5(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.37715/jtce.v5i1.5440

Rashid, B., Chao, H., & Nor Azam, N. R. A. (2021). The antecedents of electronic word of mouth responses in hotel experience evaluation. Journal of Tourism, Culinary, & Entrepreneurship (JTCE), 1(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.37715/jtce.v1i2.2238

Ren, M. (2008). Behavioural intentions in the motel industry: An empirical analysis. [Master Thesis, Lincoln University]. https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/1097

Ribbink, D., van Riel, A. C., Liljander, V., & Streukens, S. (2004). Comfort your online customer: Quality, trust and loyalty on the internet. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(6), 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520410569784

Richardson, L. (2015). Performing the sharing economy. Geoforum, 67(December), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.004

Robin, A. (2017). DBKL says condo management can impose rule barring Airbnb. Retrieved 23rd October from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/08/17/dbkl-says-condo-management-can-impose-rule-barring-airbnb/

Ryu, K., & Jang, S. C. (2008). DINESCAPE: A scale for customers' perception of dining environments. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 11(1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020801926551

Sandu, M.-A., & Purecel, E.-M. (2024). The competitive advantage of Airbnb in the perception of tourists. Cactus Tourism Journal, 6(1), 43-53.

Santos, A., & Stuart, M. (2003). Employee perceptions and their influence on training effectiveness. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00082.x

Singh, J. (2015). Safety and security concerns in hospitality industry. International Journal of Management & Commerce Innovations, 2(2), 1-5. http://www.researchpublish.com/

Singh, J., & Sirdeshmukh, D. (2000). Agency and trust mechanisms in consumer satisfaction and loyalty judgments. Journal of the academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0092070300281014

Sohrabi, B., Vanani, I. R., Tahmasebipur, K., & Fazli, S. (2012). An exploratory analysis of hotel selection factors: A comprehensive survey of Tehran hotels. International journal of hospitality management, 31(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.002

Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728759803700209

Sparks, B. A., & Browning, V. (2011). The impact of online reviews on hotel booking intentions and perception of trust. Tourism management, 32(6), 1310-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.011

Stergiou, D. P., & Farmaki, A. (2020). Resident perceptions of the impacts of P2P accommodation: Implications for neighbourhoods. International journal of hospitality management, 91(October), 102411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102411

Sthapit, E., & Jiménez-Barreto, J. (2018). Exploring tourists' memorable hospitality experiences: An Airbnb perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28(October), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.006

Stylidis, D., Woosnam, K. M., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2022). The effect of resident-tourist interaction quality on destination image and loyalty. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(6), 1219-1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1918133

Su, M. M., & Wall, G. (2010). Implications of host-guest interactions for tourists' travel behaviour and experiences. Tourism: Original Scientific Paper, 58(1), 37-50. https://hrcak.srce.hr/56107

Sun, S., Zheng, J., Schuckert, M., & Law, R. (2019). Exploring the service quality of Airbnb. Tourism Analysis, 24(4), 531-534. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367424

Tai, E. (n.d.). When neighbours hate Airbnb. Retrieved 8th February, 2025 from http://www.elizabethtai.com/blog/when-neighbours-hate-airbnb

Tan, D. (2016). Testing time for hotel industry. The Star. Retrieved 7th November from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/smebiz/news/2016/04/05/testing-time-for-hotel-industry-weakened-economy-and-ever-increasing-competition-from-new-players-is/

Tengku Asmara, T. N. A., & Mohi, Z. (2024). The physical environment quality of the theme hotels in Malaysia: Are guests satisfied? Journal of Tourism, Culinary, & Entrepreneurship (JTCE), 4(2), 148-175.

Teo, H., Bernhard, S., & Yean, H., Chee. (2017). In focus: Malaysia, a rising opportunity. HVS.com(May), 1-13. https://hvs.com/Print/In-Focus-Malaysia-A-Rising-Opportunity?id=8008

The Star. (2016, July 3). Airbnb: Malaysia is a really ‘exciting growth market. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/07/03/airbnb-malaysia-is-a-really-exciting-growth-market/

Torres, E. N., & Kline, S. (2006). From satisfaction to delight: A model for the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(4), 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610665302

Tussyadiah, I. P., & Pesonen, J. (2016). Impacts of peer-to-peer accommodation use on travel patterns. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1022-1040. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287515608505

Victorino, L., Verma, R., Plaschka, G., & Dev, C. (2005). Service innovation and customer choices in the hospitality industry. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 15(6), 555-576. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520510634023

Wakefield, K. L., & Blodgett, J. G. (1996). The effect of the servicescape on customers' behavioral intentions in leisure service settings. Journal of Services Marketing, 10(6), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049610148594

Wang, C. R., & Jeong, M. (2018). What makes you choose Airbnb again? An examination of users’ perceptions toward the website and their stay. International journal of hospitality management, 74, 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.006

Wartawan BH. (2023, April 18). KL antara bandar paling popular di Airbnb tahun lalu. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/lain-lain/2023/04/1091495/kl-antara-bandar-paling-popular-di-airbnb-tahun-lalu

Wilkins, H., Merrilees, B., & Herington, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of total service quality in hotels. International journal of hospitality management, 26(4), 840-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2006.07.006

Wilkins, H., Merrilees, B., & Herington, C. (2009). The determinants of loyalty in hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903327626

Yang, Y., Wong, K. K., & Wang, T. (2012). How do hotels choose their location? Evidence from hotels in Beijing. International journal of hospitality management, 31(3), 675-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.003

Yunus, R. (2017). MDEC to support ‘sharing economy’ activities in Malaysia. Malaysian Reserves. Retrieved 6th December from https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/09/28/

Zainol, A., Kisun, A., Norashikin, S., & Mohi, Z. (2015). Student Satisfaction towards Caffé Giunto. Proceedings of the Hospitality & Tourism Conference 2015 (HTC2015), Melaka, Malaysia, 2–3 November 2015, pg. 29-33.

Zhu, G., So, K. K. F., & Hudson, S. (2017). Inside the sharing economy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2218-2239. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0496

Zrenner, A. (2015). The ethics of regulating the sharing economy. Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, 1-4. https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/