SPATIAL EVALUATION OF NATURAL AND BUILT AREA PROPORTIONS IN CORAL REEF ECOTOURISM AT PANTAI PANDAWA, BALI
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Abstract
Indonesia’s coral reef ecosystems, particularly in Bali, are facing a degradation issue caused by climate change, pollution, and unregulated tourism, which threatens marine biodiversity and local economic resilience. Although several conservation programs have been initiated, the spatial balance between natural and built areas in coral reef ecotourism remains poorly defined, resulting in inconsistent design approaches that often overlook ecological capacity. This study addresses evaluating the optimal spatial composition and architectural features within coral reef ecotourism through a comparative case study framework. The research evaluates three international precedents: Hanauma Bay Marine Education Centre (Hawaii), Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort (Australia), and Cape d’Aguilar Marine Reserve (Hong Kong), which are selected for their preserved ecological success and effective spatial management strategies. A mixed-method analysis combining spatial quantification and qualitative evaluation was applied to identify patterns in area allocation, facility typology, and ecological integration. Results show that successful projects consistently allocate more than 70% of their total land to conservation areas and less than 30% to build facilities, with a focus on research, education, and community participation. The findings provide an evidence-based framework for developing the proposed Coral Reef Conservation Centre at Pantai Pandawa, Bali. By linking spatial proportion and ecological function, this study offers both academic and practical contributions to sustainable coastal architecture and ecotourism strategies in Indonesia.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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